Performance Tips for Web Application

Introduction

Performance tuning can be tricky. It's especially tough in Internet-related projects with lots of components running around, like HTML client, HTTP network, Web server, middle-tier components, database components, resource-management components, TCP/IP networks, and database servers. Performance tuning depends on a lot of parameters and sometimes, by changing a single parameter, performance can increase drastically. This document lists out some tips for optimizing ASP.NET Web applications and many traps and pitfalls are discussed.

Tips for Web Application

1. Turn off Tracing unless until required

Tracing is one of the wonderful features which enables us to track the application's trace and the sequences. However, again it is useful only for developers and you can set this to "false" unless you require to monitor the trace logging.

How it affects performance

Enabling tracing adds performance overhead and might expose private information, so it should be enabled only while an application is being actively analyzed.

Solution

When not needed, tracing can be turned off using:

traceMode=”SortByTime” localOnly=”true”>

2. Turn off Session State, if not required

One extremely powerful feature of ASP.NET is its ability to store session state for users, such as a shopping cart on an e-commerce site or a browser history.

How it affects performance

Since ASP.NET manages session state by default, you pay the cost in memory even if you don't use it, i.e., whether you store your data in-process or on state server or in a SQL database, session state requires memory and it's also time consuming when you store or retrieve data from it.

Solution

You may not require session state when your pages are static or when you do not need to store information captured in the page.

In such cases where you need not use session state, disable it on your web form using the directive:

<@%Page EnableSessionState="false"%>

In case you use the session state only to retrieve data from it and not to update it, make the session state read only by using the directive:

<@%Page EnableSessionState ="ReadOnly"%>

3. Disable View State of a Page if possible

View state is a fancy name for ASP.NET storing some state data in a hidden input field inside the generated page. When the page is posted back to the server, the server can parse, validate, and apply this view state data back to the page's tree of controls.

View state is a very powerful capability since it allows state to be persisted with the client and it requires no cookies or server memory to save this state. Many ASP.NET server controls use view state to persist settings made during interactions with elements on the page, for example, saving the current page that is being displayed when paging through data.

How it affects performance

1. There are a number of drawbacks to the use of view state, however.
2. It increases the total payload of the page both when served and when requested. There is also an additional overhead incurred when serializing or deserializing view state data that is posted back to the server.
3. View state increases the memory allocations on the server. Several server controls, the most well known of which is the DataGrid, tend to make excessive use of view state, even in cases where it is not needed.

Solution

Pages that do not have any server postback events can have the view state turned off.

The default behavior of the ViewState property is enabled, but if you don't need it, you can turn it off at the control or page level. Within a control, simply set the EnableViewState property to false, or set it globally within the page using this setting:

<%@ Page EnableViewState="false" %>

If you turn view state off for a page or control, make sure you thoroughly test your pages to verify that they continue to function correctly.

4. Set debug=false in web.config

When you create the application, by default this attribute is set to "true" which is very useful while developing. However, when you are deploying your application, always set it to "false".

How it affects performance

Setting it to "true" requires the PDB information to be inserted into the file and this results in a comparatively larger file and hence processing will be slow.

Solution

Therefore, always set debug="false" before deployment.

5. Avoid Response.Redirect

Response.Redirect() method simply tells the browser to visit another page.

How it affects performance

Redirects are also very chatty. They should only be used when you are transferring people to another physical web server.

Solution

For any transfers within your server, use .transfer! You will save a lot of needless HTTP requests. Instead of telling the browser to redirect, it simply changes the "focus" on the Web server and transfers the request. This means you don't get quite as many HTTP requests coming through, which therefore eases the pressure on your Web server and makes your applications run faster.

Tradeoffs

1. ".transfer" process can work on only those sites running on the server. Only Response.Redirect can do that.
2. Server.Transfer maintains the original URL in the browser. This can really help streamline data entry techniques, although it may make for confusion when debugging

5. A) To reduce CLR Exceptions count, use Response.Redirect (".aspx", false) instead of response.redirect (".aspx").

6. Use the String builder to concatenate string

If not handled properly, String Concatenation can really decrease the performance of your application. You can concatenate strings in two ways.

• First, by using string and adding the new string to an existing string. However, this operation is really expensive (especially if you are concatenating the string within a loop). When you add a string to an existing string, the Framework copies both the existing and new data to the memory, deletes the existing string, and reads data in a new string. This operation can be very time consuming and costly in lengthy string concatenation operations.
• The second and better way to concatenate strings is using the StringBuilder Class. Below is an example of both approaches. If you are considering doing any type of String Concatenation, please do yourself a favor and test both routines separately. You may be surprised at the results.

· 'Concatenation using String Class

· Response.Write("String Class")

· Dim str As String = ""

· Dim startTime As DateTime = DateTime.Now

· Response.Write(("
Start time:" + startTime.ToString()))

· Dim i As Integer

· For i = 0 To 99999

· str += i.ToString()

· Next i

· Dim EndTime As DateTime = DateTime.Now

· Response.Write(("
End time:" + EndTime.ToString()))

Response.Write(("
# of time Concatenated: " + i.ToString))

Results: Took 4 minutes and 23 Seconds to to complete 100,000 Concatenations.

String Class

• Start time: 2/15/2006 10:21:24 AM
• End time: 2/15/2006 10:25:47 AM
• # of time Concatenated: 100000

'Concatenation using StringBuilder

Response.Write("StringBuilder Class")

Dim strbuilder As New StringBuilder()

Dim startTime As DateTime = DateTime.Now

Response.Write(("
Start time:" + startTime.ToString()))

Dim i As Integer

For i = 0 To 99999

strbuilder.Append(i.ToString())

Next i

Dim EndTime As DateTime = DateTime.Now

Response.Write(("
Stop time:" + EndTime.ToString()))

Response.Write(("
# of time Concatenated: " + i.ToString))

Results: Took less than a Second to complete 100,000 Concatenations.

StringBuilder Class

• Start time: 2/15/2006 10:31:22 AM
• Stop time:2/15/2006 10:31:22 AM
• # of time Concatenated: 100000

This is one of the many situations in which ASP.NET provides extremely high performance benefits over classic ASP.

7. Avoid throwing exceptions

How it affects performance

Exceptions are probably one of the heaviest resource hogs and causes of slowdowns you will ever see in web applications, as well as windows applications.

Solution

You can use as many try/catch blocks as you want. Using exceptions gratuitously is where you lose performance. For example, you should stay away from things like using exceptions for control flow.

8. Use Finally Method to kill resources
1. The finally method gets executed independent of the outcome of the Block.
2. Always use the finally block to kill resources like closing database connection, closing files and other resources such that they get executed independent of whether the code worked in Try or went to Catch.
9. Use Client Side Scripts for validations

User Input is Evil and it must be thoroughly validated before processing to avoid overhead and possible injections to your applications.

How It improves performance

Client site validation can help reduce round trips that are required to process user's request. In ASP.NET, you can also use client side controls to validate user input. However, do a check at the Server side too to avoid the infamous JavaScript disabled scenarios.

10. Avoid unnecessary round trips to the server

How it affects performance

Round trips significantly affect performance. They are subject to network latency and to downstream server latency. Many data-driven Web sites heavily access the database for every user request. While connection pooling helps, the increased network traffic and processing load on the database server can adversely affect performance.

Solution

1. Keep round trips to an absolute minimum
2. Implement Ajax UI whenever possible. The idea is to avoid full page refresh and only update the portion of the page that needs to be changed
10. Use Page.ISPostBack

Make sure you don't execute code needlessly. Use Page.ISPostBack property to ensure that you only perform page initialization logic when a page is first time loaded and not in response to client postbacks.

12. Include Return Statements within the Function/Method

How it improves performance

Explicitly using return allows the JIT to perform slightly more optimizations. Without a return statement, each function/method is given several local variables on stack to transparently support returning values without the keyword. Keeping these around makes it harder for the JIT to optimize, and can impact the performance of your code. Look through your functions/methods and insert return as needed. It doesn't change the semantics of the code at all, and it can help you get more speed from your application.

13. Use Foreach loop instead of For loop for String Iteration

Foreach is far more readable, and in the future it will become as fast as a For loop for special cases like strings. Unless string manipulation is a real performance hog for you, the slightly messier code may not be worth it.

14. Avoid Unnecessary Indirection

How it affects performance

When you use byRef, you pass pointers instead of the actual object.

Many times, this makes sense (side-effecting functions, for example), but you don't always need it. Passing pointers results in more indirection, which is slower than accessing a value that is on the stack.

Solution

When you don't need to go through the heap, it is best to avoid it there by avoiding indirection.

15. Use "ArrayLists" in place of arrays

How it improves performance

An ArrayList has everything that is good about an array PLUS automatic sizing, Add, Insert, Remove, Sort, Binary Search. All these great helper methods are added when implementing the IList interface.

Tradeoffs

The downside of an ArrayList is the need to cast objects upon retrieval.

16. Always check Page.IsValid when using Validator Controls

Always make sure you check Page.IsValid before processing your forms when using Validator Controls.

17. Use Paging

Take advantage of paging's simplicity in .NET. Only show small subsets of data at a time, allowing the page to load faster.

Tradeoffs

Just be careful when you mix in caching. Don't cache all the data in the grid.

18. Store your content by using caching

How it improves performance

ASP.NET allows you to cache entire pages, fragment of pages or controls. You can also cache variable data by specifying the parameters on which the data depends. By using caching, you help ASP.NET engine to return data for repeated request for the same page much faster.

When and Why Use Caching

A proper use and fine tune of caching approach will result in better performance and scalability of your site. However, improper use of caching will actually slow down and consume lots of your server performance and memory usage.

Good candidate to use caching is if you have infrequent chance of data or static content of web page.

19. Use low cost authentication

Authentication can also have an impact over the performance of your application. For example, passport authentication is slower than form-base authentication which in here turn is slower than Windows authentication.

20. Minimize the number of web server controls

How it affects performance

The use of web server controls increases the response time of your application because they need time to be processed on the server side before they are rendered on the client side.

Solution

One way to minimize the number of web server controls is by taking into consideration, the usage of HTML elements where they are suited, for example if you want to display static text.

21. Avoid using unmanaged code

How it affects performance

Calls to unmanaged code are a costly marshaling operation.

Solution

Try to reduce the number calls between the managed and unmanaged code. Consider doing more work in each call rather than making frequent calls to do small tasks.

22. Avoid making frequent calls across processes

If you are working with distributed applications, this involves additional overhead negotiating network and application level protocols. In this case, network speed can also be a bottleneck. Try to do as much work as possible in fewer calls over the network.

23. Cleaning Up Style Sheets and Script Files
1. A quick and easy way to improve your web application's performance is by going back and cleaning up your CSS Style Sheets and Script Files of unnecessary code or old styles and functions. It is common for old styles and functions to still exist in your style sheets and script files during development cycles and when improvements are made to a website.
2. Many websites use a single CSS Style Sheet or Script File for the entire website. Sometimes, just going through these files and cleaning them up can improve the performance of your site by reducing the page size. If you are referencing images in your style sheet that are no longer used on your website, it's a waste of performance to leave them in there and have them loaded each time the style sheet is loaded.
3. Run a web page analyzer against pages in your website so that you can see exactly what is being loaded and what takes the most time to load.
24. Design with ValueTypes

Use simple structs when you can, and when you don't do a lot of boxing and unboxing.

Tradeoffs

ValueTypes are far less flexible than Objects, and end up hurting performance if used incorrectly. You need to be very careful about when you treat them like objects. This adds extra boxing and unboxing overhead to your program, and can end up costing you more than it would if you had stuck with objects.

25. Minimize assemblies

Minimize the number of assemblies you use to keep your working set small. If you load an entire assembly just to use one method, you're paying a tremendous cost for very little benefit. See if you can duplicate that method's functionality using code that you already have loaded.

26. Encode Using ASCII When You Don't Need UTF

By default, ASP.NET comes configured to encode requests and responses as UTF-8.

If ASCII is all your application needs, eliminating the UTF overhead can give you back a few cycles. Note that this can only be done on a per-application basis.

27. Avoid Recursive Functions / Nested Loops

These are general things to adopt in any programming language, which consume lot of memory. Always avoid Nested Loops, Recursive functions, to improve performance.

28. Minimize the Use of Format ()

When you can, use toString() instead of format(). In most cases, it will provide you with the functionality you need, with much less overhead.

29. Place StyleSheets into the Header

Web developers who care about performance want browser to load whatever content it has as soon as possible. This fact is especially important for pages with a lot of content and for users with slow Internet connections. When the browser loads the page progressively the header, the logo, the navigation components serve as visual feedback for the user.

When we place style sheets near the bottom part of the HTML, most browsers stop rendering to avoid redrawing elements of the page if their styles change thus decreasing the performance of the page. So, always place StyleSheets into the Header.

30. Put Scripts to the end of Document

Unlike StyleSheets, it is better to place scripts to the end of the document. Progressive rendering is blocked until all StyleSheets have been downloaded. Scripts cause progressive rendering to stop for all content below the script until it is fully loaded. Moreover, while downloading a script, the browser does not start any other component downloads, even on different hostnames.

So, always have scripts at the end of the document.

31. Make JavaScript and CSS External

Using external files generally produces faster pages because the JavaScript and CSS files are cached by the browser. Inline JavaScript and CSS increase the HTML document size but reduce the number of HTTP requests. With cached external files, the size of the HTML is kept small without increasing the number of HTTP requests thus improving the performance.

Tips For Database Operations

1. Return Multiple Resultsets

If the database code has request paths that go to the database more than once, then these round-trips decrease the number of requests per second your application can serve.

Solution

Return multiple resultsets in a single database request, so that you can cut the total time spent communicating with the database. You'll be making your system more scalable, too, as you'll cut down on the work the database server is doing managing requests.

2. Connection Pooling and Object Pooling

Connection pooling is a useful way to reuse connections for multiple requests, rather than paying the overhead of opening and closing a connection for each request. It's done implicitly, but you get one pool per unique connection string. Make sure you call Close or Dispose on a connection as soon as possible. When pooling is enabled, calling Close or Dispose returns the connection to the pool instead of closing the underlying database connection.

Account for the following issues when pooling is a part of your design:

1. Share connections
2. Avoid per-user logons to the database
3. Do not vary connection strings
4. Do not cache connections
2. Use SqlDataReader Instead of Dataset wherever it is possible

If you are reading a table sequentially, you should use the DataReader rather than DataSet. DataReader object creates a read only stream of data that will increase your application performance because only one row is in memory at a time.

4. Keep Your Datasets Lean

Remember that the dataset stores all of its data in memory, and that the more data you request, the longer it will take to transmit across the wire.

Therefore, only put the records you need into the dataset.

5. Avoid Inefficient queries

How it affects performance

Queries that process and then return more columns or rows than necessary waste processing cycles that could best be used for servicing other requests.

Cause of Inefficient queries

1. Too much data in your results is usually the result of inefficient queries.
2. The SELECT * query often causes this problem. You do not usually need to return all the columns in a row. Also, analyze the WHERE clause in your queries to ensure that you are not returning too many rows. Try to make the WHERE clause as specific as possible to ensure that the least number of rows are returned.
3. Queries that do not take advantage of indexes may also cause poor performance.
5. Unnecessary round trips

How it affects performance

Round trips significantly affect performance. They are subject to network latency and to downstream server latency. Many data-driven Web sites heavily access the database for every user request. While connection pooling helps, the increased network traffic and processing load on the database server can adversely affect performance.

Solution

Keep round trips to an absolute minimum.

7. Too many open connections

Connections are an expensive and scarce resource, which should be shared between callers by using connection pooling. Opening a connection for each caller limits scalability.

Solution

To ensure the efficient use of connection pooling, avoid keeping connections open and avoid varying connection strings.

8. Avoid Transaction misuse

How it affects performance

If you select the wrong type of transaction management, you may add latency to each operation. Additionally, if you keep transactions active for long periods of time, the active transactions may cause resource pressure.

Solution

Transactions are necessary to ensure the integrity of your data, but you need to ensure that you use the appropriate type of transaction for the shortest duration possible and only where necessary.

9. Avoid Over Normalized tables

Over Normalized tables may require excessive joins for simple operations. These additional steps may significantly affect the performance and scalability of your application, especially as the number of users and requests increases.

10. Reduce Serialization

Dataset serialization is more efficiently implemented in .NET Framework version 1.1 than in version 1.0. However, Dataset serialization often introduces performance bottlenecks.

You can reduce the performance impact in a number of ways:

1. Use column name aliasing
2. Avoid serializing multiple versions of the same data
3. Reduce the number of DataTable objects that are serialized
10. Do Not Use CommandBuilder at Run Time

How it affects performance

CommandBuilder objects such as SqlCommandBuilder and OleDbCommandBuilder are useful when you are designing and prototyping your application. However, you should not use them in production applications. The processing required to generate the commands affects performance.

Solution

Manually create stored procedures for your commands, or use the Visual Studio® .NET design-time wizard and customize them later if necessary.

12. Use Stored Procedures Whenever Possible
1. Stored procedures are highly optimized tools that result in excellent performance when used effectively.
2. Set up stored procedures to handle inserts, updates, and deletes with the data adapter
3. Stored procedures do not have to be interpreted, compiled or even transmitted from the client, and cut down on both network traffic and server overhead.
4. Be sure to use CommandType.StoredProcedure instead of CommandType.Text
13. Avoid Auto-Generated Commands

When using a data adapter, avoid auto-generated commands. These require additional trips to the server to retrieve meta data, and give you a lower level of interaction control. While using auto-generated commands is convenient, it's worth the effort to do it yourself in performance-critical applications.

14. Use Sequential Access as Often as Possible

With a data reader, use CommandBehavior.SequentialAccess. This is essential for dealing with blob data types since it allows data to be read off of the wire in small chunks. While you can only work with one piece of the data at a time, the latency for loading a large data type disappears. If you don't need to work the whole object at once, using Sequential Access will give you much better performance.